The Ttc: Private, Public, or Private-Public Partnership?

In July 2012, the TTC was evaluated and given a disappointing grade by TTCriders Group based on its performance at five aspects. These five aspects are about fares, transit expansion, accessibility, service frequency, and environmental impact (â€Å"TTC gets†, 2012). Unlike any other major city in North America, the TTC fares covered 70% of its operating cost, which was the highest fare box ratio within the 11 major North American cities (See Appendix 1). After derailed for 16 months, transit expansion plan finally came back on track, still with concerns about certainty of funds.Due to budget constraints, the target timeline of making all new and existing subway accessible has been pushed back several times from 2020 to 2024, then to 2025. The TTC ridership increased by 12. 5% in 2011 while service levels only rose by 8. 4%, resulting in insufficient service to connect our neighborhoods. As for the environmental impact, the TTC collected no data for this purpose (â€Å"The st ate,† 2012). All these issues are mainly accounted for prolonged budget deficits, which the TTC has been struggling for many years.HISTORY OF THE TTC The Toronto Transportation Committee (TTC) is a public transport service agency established in 1954, the third largest transit system in North America that operates streetcar, transit bus, and rapid transit service (subway and RT) in Toronto. The TTC consists of four repaid transit service lines with 69 stations, 149 bus routes and 11 streetcar lines, making 243 connections among them. In 2011, the ridership went up to 500. 2 million, which exceeded all historical records.The TTC service covers the Greater Toronto Area benefited 4. 5 million people. Particularly, the TTC provides Wheel-Trans service that is responsible for door-door accessible transit service for physically disabled people, 2. 7 million trips made through this service in 2011 (â€Å"2011 TTC,† 2011). Toronto Private Transportation Companies 1849-1921 The W illiams Omnibus Bus Line was the first private-owned transportation company in Toronto, which carried passengers in stagecoaches drawn by horses erving a limited area along Young street in 1849. With the population growth, Williams Omni Bus Line was heavily loaded. The city then gave the first transit franchise for a street railway to Alexander Easton’s Toronto Street Railway (TSR) in 1861. After the franchise expired in 1891, the city passed on the right to a new company, the Toronto Railway Company (TRC), under James Ross and William Mackenzie. The TRC made the first electric car ran on August 15, 1892 to meet the franchise requirement.The city limits had extended greatly by 1912. The city attempted many times to force TRC enlarge its serve area, and failed. In order to build several routes and better serve the greater area, the city created its own street railway operation, the Toronto Civic Railways (TCR). By 1921 when TRC’s franchise expired, the city created the Toronto Transportation Commission combined with the TCR (Filey, 1996). Toronto Transportation Commission 1921- 1954 Toronto Transportation Commission went through boom times and down times from 1921 to 1954.Streetcars and railways served progressively in the extended Toronto area. There were many remarkable milestones during this period such as: 575 new â€Å"Peter Witt† street cars entered service in 1921; first gasoline-electric hybrid bus entered service in 1926; in 1927, TTC expanded its lines of service with Island ferry, hydro-electric railway, and other intercity bus service; TTC overcome the stock crash in 1929 and made improvements; 745 PPC streetcars, which are also called â€Å"red rocket†, entered service in 1938; The great moment came on Sep. 8, 1949, that the city of Toronto was symbolized with its opening ceremony of â€Å" Canada’s First Subway†; in 1954 Toronto Transportation Commission was renamed as Toronto Transit Committee (â€Å"A c avalcade,† 1954). TORONTO TRANSIT COMMITTEE AND ITS BUDGET ISSUES Financial Situation at Beginning From the early 1950s, Toronto Transit Committee had been operated by the supervision of Metropolitan Toronto, which was under the auspices of Province of Ontario who united Toronto with other 12 suburbs. Since the opening of its first subway in 1954, TTC had planned to expand its subway due to increasing needs of the largely adjacent Metro area.This plan was facing obstacles because of the quadrupled bus service and the pressure from Metro Toronto to set up unprofitable service to the suburbs. The development of the TTC went forward because of the subsidy of Metro Toronto as well as the Province of Ontario, making the entire capital budget came from taxpayers. In the 1970s and the 1980s, the Toronto Transit Commission was seen worldwide as a ‘transportation showcase’. From 1979 until 1990, it won awards after awards for safety and design (â€Å"A BRIEF,† 2012) .From 1972, the TTC’s operating profit was greatly affected by the request from the City’s political pressure, which was to eliminate the fare zone system to prevent the suburban paying an additional fare. By the late of 1980s, the subsidies from Metro Toronto and the Province was up to a quarter of the taxpayers’ money, which was 32% of the TTC total revenue, however, the subsidy level within the North American cities was still the lowest (â€Å"A BRIEF,† 2012). Budget Cuts from the Province By the late 1990s, budgets shortage became a major issue for the TTC.Previously the TTC’s subsidies were split in halves provided by the Province and the City. On Feb. 18, 1996, the newly elected government of Mike Harris ended the province subsidy for the TTC. In 1998, provincial government put an end to the federal system of Metro Toronto and let Toronto become a unified City. The result was a significant cutback in transit services. The City of Toronto†™s subsidy of the TTC was roughly $150 million, and the TTC had a continental high farebox recovery of 82%. With passengers paying far more for far worse service, the TTC’s ridership had dropped to roughly 360 million (â€Å"A HISTORY,† 2012) (See Appendix 2).From that point on, the TTC has been always struggling among its fare box recovery, city subsidy, and possible subsidy from the province of Ontario. The TTC would sacrifice its frequent service and routes to save its operation cost. The TTC also have many employees working overtime to compromise the labor cost, saying that this way can be more cost efficient than hiring more employees. Nevertheless, the TTC was renowned because of its sunshine list that has more and more employees every year earning more than $100,000 annually. Other ProblemsAlong with struggles for its budget subsidies, the TTC also had been dragged off by other problems such as service cuts, fare hikes, and union strikes. In February 2012, The TTC reduced its frequency service on more than 35 routes in order to meet its targeted operating budget (â€Å"TTC bus,† 2012). In November 2009, the TTC board discussed a fare increases proposal that would generate $62 million (â€Å"TTC fare,† 2009). This fare hike was implemented on January 3, 2010 (Litwinenko, 2009) (See Appendix 3). The bargaining between the TTC and its union had been on and off for decades.In March 2011, at the request of Mayor Rob Ford, the Ontario government agreed to ban transit strikes in Toronto and would pass a bill to set the TTC as an essential service. In a long-run, critics argued that this would cost taxpayers more because TTC contract disputes could cause bigger raise to settle in the arbitration (â€Å"Liberals close,† 2011). OPTIONS FOR THE TTC Given the facts that the TTC consistently facing budget shortage, frequent service reduction and routes cut, and union issues, the discussion of finding solutions for the TTC has bee n ongoing for a long time.Some people think that privatizing the TTC would make the TTC operating efficiently and profitably in the hands of private company. Others argue that private sector emerging in a public transit could be a better option, giving the reason that private sector infuse profitable drives and boost skills in a public transit system. Many others defend that the TTC should stay public in order to serve better for the public rather than only chasing profit as what happened in private companies. Each of them gives insights of this transportation crisis. Privatizing the TTCThe voices of privatizing the TTC is not sound nowadays comparing to 1990s. Corcoran (1990) stated blankly â€Å"mass transit and mass losses go hand in hand†. He doubted the reason of government so heavily involved in public transportation and the seemingly inherent unprofitable operations. Despite the fact that government rejected the proposal by five developers for investment to build the s ubway extension, a public transit system proved its ability in managing this mass system, which was badly managed, underfinanced, poorly planned, and heavily subsidized. Private-Public PartnershipWith regards to privatizing the TTC, many people generally meant to privatize parts of the TTC because they still want the TTC remain the function to serve and benefit the public. Which parts should be privatized could be a complex process of evaluation. City councilor Karen Stintz thought â€Å"adding some private-sector appointees could boost skills on the TTC board without reducing its accountability to the public. Private-sector members could contribute project management, financial and customer service skills† (Kalinowski, 2010). Staying Public Staying public remains its power in many people’s thoughts towards the TTC.These people think public transit should benefit the public in its full strength. Serving the TTC riders at its very best could be conflict sometimes with g aining profit through the operation. Knowing and still offering some money-losing services to benefit its needed riders differentiate the public system from the private or so-called private-public partnership system. â€Å"Keep TTC public†, the message was given through a coalition, the public transit alliance with the members from the Toronto Environmental Alliance, the Amalgamated Transit Union, Local 113, and community activists.They held a $500,000 ad campaign for â€Å"Keep TTC public† to claim that private or private-public partnership can be a disastrous experiment for Torontonians, and the TTC should stay public (Yuen, 2010). The video of â€Å"Keep TTC public† presented compelling reasons against transit privatization, compared with other cities’ transit system that were in either private or private-public partnership. The examples used were London, Melbourne, Auckland, and Vancouver. In 2003, a Private-Public Partnership was introduced in London transit system. This partnership ended in 2009 because the 30 years contacted of ? 7 billion was used up in 7. 5 years, and even overspent more than ? 1 billion. Private companies ran Auckland transport by using the zone system. Due to the tickets difference, riding the similar distance as from Scarborough to Etobicoke would cost $16. 5 in Auckland. When Melbourne government decided to privatize its transit system, its original objective was to reduce the city’s subsidy and increase the quality of service by using the private company. By 1999 when the privatization became effect, the subsidy to the transit system doubled the previous level when it was in public.Till 2010, comparing between Melbourne and Toronto, the subsidy to Melbourne transit system was 4 times than the subsidy for the TTC, while the ridership of Melbourne transit system was just 1/3 of the TTC. Vancouver Canada line was another example for PPP (Private-Public Partnership) which drown money from the bus fa res to subsidize this rapid transit line. This video logically presented the historical cases from different angles to demonstrate the disability of the private system to public transit, giving an inevitable statement that the private company operates for the profit rather than the benefit to the ublic (â€Å"Keep TTC,† 2010). CONCLUSION In December 2011 the 2012 Budget Committee meeting, the TTC presented its less services on many routes because of the subsidy budget cut (Munro, 2011). It is a definite scheme that the TTC will still be facing various problems due to its political context, budget structure, service range, and union issue, simply put as its complexity. Looking back its history and steps of its developments, the TTC managed to meet the service requirement and survived in public for today’s economy. However, the debate of whichever is the best solution for the TTC will still be ongoing.There is no simple answer for this question, but only hopes that peopl e wish the TTC carry on its responsibility in better serving the people in Toronto. REFERENCES: A brief history of transit in Toronto. (2012). Transit Toronto. Retrieved from: http://transit. toronto. on. ca/spare/0012. shtml A calvalcade of progress. (1954). TTC. ca. Retrieved from: http://www. ttc. ca/About_the_TTC/History/cavalcade_of_progress. jsp A history on fares on the TTC. (2012). Transit Toronto. Retrieved from: http://transit. toronto. on. ca/spare/0021. shtml Corcoran.T, (1990). Privatizing the TTC would relieve strain on subway service. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/385631727/1383962EB1D56AD7336/2? accountid=15182 Filey. M, (1996). The TTC story. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press. Retrieved from: http://www. ttc. ca/About_the_TTC/History/The_first_75_years. jsp Kalinowski. T, (2010). TTC board could could be public, private mix: Non-elected members, bring new skills: Stintz. Toronto Star. Ret rieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. ibrary. yorku. ca/docview/812554793? accountid=15182 KeepTTCPublicToronto, (2010, September 17). Keep TTC public. Video retrieved from: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=xAmnmehAy3w Liberals close debate on bill declaring TTC essential service. (2011). The Canadian Press. Retrieved from: http://www. cp24. com/liberals-close-debate-on-bill-declaring-ttc-essential-service-1. 614350 Litwinenko. J, (2009). TTC fare hike approved. Blogto. Retrieved from: http://www. blogto. com/city/2009/11/ttc_fare_hike_approved/ TTC bus service cut back. (2012). Toronto Star.Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. ezproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/921300938/138368A888C7C5B89BC/2? accountid=15182 Munro. S, (2011). Can the TTC survive budget 2012?. Torontoist. Retieved from: http://torontoist. com/2011/12/can-the-ttc-survive-budget-2012/ TTC fare hike is unavoidable. (2009). Toronto Start. Retrieved from: http://search. proquest. com. e zproxy. library. yorku. ca/business/docview/439627577/1383691789B38A6B670/8? accountid=15182 2011 TTC operating Statistics. (2011). TTC. ca. Retrieved from: http://www. TTC. caTTC gets failing grade from TTCriders group. (2012). City News Toronto. Retrieved from: http://www. citytv. com/toronto/citynews/news/local/article/215620–ttc-gets-failing-grade-from-ttcriders-group The state of public transit in Toronto. (TTCriders, 2012). Retrieved from: http://www. ttcriders. ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/The-State-of-Public-Transit-in-Toronto-July-2012. pdf Yuen. J, (2010). Keep TTC public-coalition. Toronto Sun. Retrieved from: http://www. torontosun. com/news/torontoandgta/2010/09/20/15415186. html APPENDIX 1 REVENUE/COST RATIOS – CANADATTC Montreal Ottawa Vancouver 70% (2011) 56% (2009) 43% (2009) 48% (2009) REVENUE/COST RATIOS – U. S. TTC? Atlanta Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia Boston Washington 70% 29% 40% 29% 54% 38% 42% 45% (2011) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) (2009) Source: City of Toronto Toronto Transit Commission 2011-2020 Capital Plan, http://www. toronto. ca/budget2011/pdf/presentation11_ttc. pdf APPENDIX 2 TORONTO STATISTICS FOR 1921-2004 APPENDIX 3

Product and Brand Management

?AFFECT OF BRANDING ON CONSUMER PURCHASE DECISION IN FMCG GOODS AND DURABLE GOODS? INTRODUCTION What is a BRAND? Brand recognition and other reactions are created by the use of the product or service and through the influence of advertising, design, and media commentary. A brand is a symbolic embodiment of all the information connected to the product and serves to create associations and expectations around it. A brand often includes a logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols, and sound, which may be developed to represent implicit values, ideas, and even personality. Concepts Marketers engaged in branding seek to develop or align the expectations behind the brand experience, creating the impression that a brand associated with a product or service has certain qualities or characteristics that make it special or unique. A brand image may be developed by attributing a â€Å"personality† to or associating an â€Å"image† with a product or service, whereby the personality or image is â€Å"branded† into the consciousness of consumers. A brand is therefore one of the most valuable elements in an advertising theme. The art of creating and maintaining a brand is called brand management. A brand which is widely known in the marketplace acquires brand recognition. When brand recognition builds up to a point where a brand enjoys a critical mass of positive sentiment in the marketplace, it is said to have achieved brand franchise. One goal in brand recognition is the identification of a brand without the name of the company present. For example, Disney has been successful at branding with their particular script font (originally created for Walt Disney's â€Å"signature† logo) which it used in the logo for go. om. â€Å"DNA† refers to the unique attributes, essence, purpose, or profile of a brand and, therefore, a company. The term is borrowed from the biological DNA, the molecular â€Å"blueprint† or genetic profile of an organism which determines its unique characteristics. Brand equity measures the total value of the brand to the brand owner, and reflects the extent of brand franchise. The term brand name is often used interchangeably with â€Å"brand†, although it is more correctly used to specifically denote written or spoken linguistic elements of a brand. In this context a â€Å"brand name† constitutes a type of trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial source of products or services. A brand owner may seek to protect proprietary rights in relation to a brand name through trademark registration. Brand energy is a concept that links together the ideas that the brand is experiential; that it is not just about the experiences of customers/potential customers but all stakeholders; and that businesses are essentially more about creating value through creating meaningful experiences than generating profit. Economic value comes from businesses ¶ transactions between people whether they be customers, employees, suppliers or other stakeholders. For such value to be created people first have to have positive associations with the business and/or its products and services and be energised to behave positively towards them  ± hence brand energy. It has been defined as â€Å"The energy that flows throughout the system that links businesses and all their stakeholders and which is manifested in the way these stakeholders think, feel and behave towards the business and its products or services. Attitude branding is the choice to represent a feeling, which is not necessarily connected with the product or consumption of the product at all. Marketing labeled as attitude branding includes that of Nike, Starbucks, The Body Shop, Safeway, and Apple Inc. â€Å"A great brand raises the bar — it adds a greater sense of purpose to the experience, whether it's the challenge to do your best in sports and fitness, or the affirmation that the cup of coffee you're drinking really matters. † – Howard Schultz (CEO, Starbucks Corp. ) The act of associating a product or service with a brand has become part of pop culture. Most products have some kind of brand identity, from common table salt to designer clothes. In non-commercial contexts, the marketing of entities which supply ideas or promises rather than product and services (e. g. political parties or religious organizations) may also be known as â€Å"branding†. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT WORK Main Objective:The main objective of research is to analysis how the brand effects the customer purchasing decision in FMCG goods and durable goods Sub Objective:The sub objective of research is to understand the choice of the customer is branded or nonbranded goods. JUSTIFICATION FOR CHOOSING A PARTICULAR RESEARCH PROPOSAL Branding can be viewed as a tool to position a product or a service with a consistent image of quality and value for money to ensure the development of a recurring preference by the customer. It is common knowledge that the consumer ¶s choice is influenced by many surrogat es of which the simplest one is a brand name. Although there may be equally satisfying products, the consumer when satisfied with some brand does not want to spend additional effort to evaluate the other alternative choices. Once he or she has liked a part icular brand, he or she tends to stay with it, unless there is a steep rise in the price or a discernible better quality product comes to his/her knowledge, which prompts the consumer to switch the brand. Companies spend a lot of money and time on the branding and thus it needs a careful evaluation on the effect of branding on consumer buying behavior. QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Are you a brand loyal customer? ` Yes ` No 2. Which attributes did attract you to purchase branded products? Rank these attributes in order of their importance to you. ` ` Brand Name Price Easy Availability ` ` Transparent Cleanliness ` Others 3. What was the reason for the delay between the purchase decision and the actual purchase? ` ` ` Financial constraints Waiting for more innovative product Waiting for market response 4. What influenced you to buy the above stated brand(s) ? ` ` ` ` Advertising Word of mouth Attractive packaging Dealer ` Shop Display ` Family/Friend/Relatives ` Any Other 5. Influence of Brand name on purchasing decision ` ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 6. Influence of Quality on Purchase Decision ` ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 7. Influence of Price on Purchase Decision ` Agree ` Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 8. Influence of Product features on Purchase Decision ` ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 9. Influence of Family members on Purchase Decision ` ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 10. Influence of Peer group on Purchase Decision ` ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 11. Influence of Advertisement on Purchase Decision ` Agree Strongly Agree ` Disagree ` Strongly disagree 12. Will you like to switch your brand preference if you get some promotional scheme with another brand? ` Yes ` No 13. Do you think branded products are better than unbranded products? ` Yes ` No NAME OF THE RESPONDENT: ADDRESS: EDUCATIONAL QUALITICATION: OCCUPATION: AGE: MONTHLY INCOME: 1. 100% Financial Inclusion: A Challenging Task Ahead 2. Afforestation of ARID Was telands Through Energy Plantations: A Case Study from India 3. Agribusiness Sector in Rural India and Increasing Opportunities of E -Commerce 4. Asset prices and inflation is there a predictive link 5. Back Water Tourism in Kerala: Challenges and Opportunities 6. Banking Channel Perceptions An Indian Youth perspective 7. Banking on Themselves 8. Behavioral Skills Trainings in Travel Agencies 9. Brand awareness and preference in rural markets 10. Branding for 21st Century Teenagers 11. Branding India for Health and Spiritual Tourism 12. Branding India: Strategic Challenges and Possible Approaches 2. subliminal messages in advertising and how they affect consumers.

Change

â€Å"Change involves a choice to alter one's view of others and their world† Change Is Inevitable, It can not Just simply be ceased however as Individuals, we are given the choice on what we make of it and how we allow it to alter our view of others and the world around us. The choice made on how the world is seen and how its occupants are as well can have a significant impact on someone's life and shape the type of person that this individual becomes.As evident in the following texts, Enter Without So Much As Knocking by Bruce Dade, No More Boomerang by Codger Announced, Night by Ell Wishes and Took The Children Away by Archly Roach, the Irrevocable change gives Individuals a choice, It Is up to this Individual on what they make of it whether it maybe a beneficial or detrimental impact whilst keeping in mind the alterations that this choice will inflict on their view of others and their world.These texts will further enhance the understanding of choice and how it has the pow er to formulate the type of future that awaits. The poem ‘No More Boomerang' by Codger Announced, depicts the type of life the Aboriginal people had and although the circumstances that they were placed into ere not Just or fair, they were also inescapable. However, with this being said, the Aboriginal people did have a distinct choice, they had a choice on what they made of themselves in the future and how they could endeavor to learn from these mistakes and grow as people.Much like ‘Night', ‘No More Boomerang' also reiterates a negative vibe and lifestyle within both the protagonist's lives, ‘Now all excelled- Color bar and beer' this quote from the poem clearly indicates the struggle that the Aboriginal people had during this time. The specification of color bar' shows that they were aggregated from the rest of the community because they were not good enough to be around the White people', a clear sign of dehumidification.With now being exposed to a more â €˜civilized' type of living, the Aboriginal people resorted to the foreign comfort of alcohol (been which resulted In the increase of Aboriginal alcoholism. Even though the Aboriginal people had a very slim chance of having a choice as to what happened to them during this devastating time, they still had a choice as to what happened to them afterwards. The protagonist could've made the choice to stop informing to the White Australians way of living and to go back to the type of living that he was accustomed to. Lay down the whomever, Lay down the waded. Now we got atom-bomb, End everybody, this quote clearly expresses the change that the Aboriginal people were heavily exposed to, from using their weapons for hunting and survival to having the power to destroy and corrupt within the palm of their hands. This further clarifies the fact that after being familiarized with the feeling of hatred and pain, the protagonist still clearly holds that bitter emotion towards the White Austral ians in his heart even though it was so long ago.This correlates with the protagonist of Night' who also still experiences the same feeling, only in different context. It represents the fact that they're still trying to heal from the pain and the sudden changes of their lives, It's something that they are unable to forget and of people and the world in a negative way. In comparison to ‘Night', although Lie had very conflicting views on life in general and how he saw people through out the book, as a result of his trauma, he has enabled himself to embrace the change.He, of course as stated previously, still feels bitter towards his past and the Germans, however he still believes that there is room for peace and that the world has the potential to ‘change' and be more aware of the severe situations that are happening within it's surroundings. This is explanatory in the quote, ‘l could not believe that human beings were being burned in our times; the world would never tolerate such crimes†¦ , it exhibits the fact that Lie was shocked that no one had come to help them during this devastating time, he presumed that everybody around the world would be aware of such atrocities cause these evil acts would have never been acceptable within that particular century. This quote was when the audience began to realize the sudden changes in the way Lie viewed the world at such a young age while experiencing these hardships. Despite this fact, Lie made the choice to think in this sort of way, regardless if it was portrayed negatively.His faith in the world and even God saving him and his people vanished, his ‘soul had been invaded- and devoured- by a black flame' which consequently lead to a resentment towards the said hopelessness of God and to the world, who saw but didn't act. Lie chose to allow this resentment to sake control of himself and his actions that eventually shaped the type of pessimistic and self-absorbed person he came to be. The p oem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking' by Bruce Dade examines the consequences of living such a negative life which is proved in the quote, ‘†¦Pretty soon he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back- stabbing miserable so-and-so†¦ ‘. This quote implies the negative impacts of living in a materialistic world, the protagonist complains a lot about this through out the poem but doesn't do anything particularly significant to change the issue. He puts a lot of emphasis on how this world is cruel and greedy and how people are ‘money-hungry and ‘miserable' but what is noted through out the poem is that he is part of that group of people that he despises.This states that he becomes too busy stating his cynical views on others and the world that he doesn't begin to realize that he is turning into one of those people and is continuously minimizing the happiness in his life. A ‘healthy tan he never had' furthermor e implies that he never went out and that he stays cooped up within the confines of his home or workplace instead of experiencing the freedom that is easily portrayed as something that he desperately wants.The ‘automatic smile with nothing behind it' represents that he only put up a smile for show and that he never really meant it and never really made the effort to either, which interrelates with him having made the choice to be this way. ‘Six feet down nobody interested', it is clear that the protagonist had the opportunity and choice to do something great with his life and not look at it in such a pessimistic way but instead he let himself waste away within a ‘money-hungry world created by back-stabbing, ‘miserable' people. S ‘Enter Without So Much as Knocking, ‘Night' and ‘No More Boomerang. In contrast to ‘No More Boomerang, it has been established that Aboriginal children were taken away from their homes and identified as the Sto len generation which is what ‘Took The Children Away is solely about. The similar aspects of these poems is that they didn't have a choice in the matter but they had the choice to establish a better living for themselves. The biggest obstacle that they faced was that they were confused about who they really were, 'cause we were acting white yet feeling back.Even though they were vulnerable to the destruction of their homes and way of living due to their young ages and thoroughly challenged the way they saw the world, they had to embrace this ‘change' and life experience. They shouldn't have let their purity be tainted and not have given this change the power to alter their view of others and their world in such a, once again, negative way. ‘AWESOME' also explores the same aspects of negativity through a similar modernism environment. Both protagonists didn't approve of the modernism, money-functioning world however both parties did conform to it.The Aboriginal chil dren were forced into it but still had the choice of what to make of it and the protagonist of ‘AWESOME' had the choice of making a difference but chose to continue on with his critical behavior. The quote, ‘Came and didn't give a damn' indicates the carelessness of the White Australians and how they treated the children as animals rather than humans, this shaped the children's perspectives of people in general and the beginning of a globalizes world around them.In correlation with ‘Night' and ‘Took the children away there are a few similarities and differences between the two texts. In ‘Night', Lie Weasel's view on the world and it's people changed a lot. He constantly held bitterness in his heart and his religious views and beliefs that were once, the fundamental reason for his being, were challenged as he continued to survive his dangerous life, this is evident in the quote, ‘It's over. God is no longer with us'.In his quest for survival, Lie l ost a part of himself, his views on people ad the world was detrimental due to the drastic change that he encountered through out his childhood. A distinct similarity between these two texts is that both the Aboriginal people and the Jews were dehumidified, in Night', ‘Faster you filthy dogs! ‘ and in ‘Took the children away, the simile, ‘†¦ Fenced us in like sheep'. They were both taken away from the familiarity of their beliefs and customs and thrown into something that they never expected which as a result of this, lost an important part of themselves.However, despite this fact, we are only exposed to Else's negativity through the confines of his book, but really as he grew older he began to realize that he had a choice in how he viewed people and the world. Having a grudge on something that he couldn't have prevented would have just been a waste of time and he wouldn't have time to enjoy the brighter things in life. Regardless of the rocky start to h is teenage years, he has grown up to understand that he needed to turn his life around and make it into something worth living.He didn't resort to alcohol, drugs or violence but to a more peaceful type of living. He sees a brighter future for our world, one that had the potential to really help others in need and to imitate the love that God provides us, towards each other. Say that change does involve a choice to alter one's view others and their world. However, it is up to the individual on what they make of it and how much power they give it to control the person they're meant to be in the future.Negative changes can constitute to negative views but it can also constitute to positive ones and even if these changes are inevitable what isn't, is how you learn from them and gain knowledge to apply to everyday circumstances. As individuals we all have a choice to make whether beneficial or detrimental but we must understand that regardless of this the change will, without a doubt, al ter one's view of others and their world. Change â€Å"Change involves a choice to alter one's view of others and their world† Change Is Inevitable, It can not Just simply be ceased however as Individuals, we are given the choice on what we make of it and how we allow it to alter our view of others and the world around us. The choice made on how the world is seen and how its occupants are as well can have a significant impact on someone's life and shape the type of person that this individual becomes.As evident in the following texts, Enter Without So Much As Knocking by Bruce Dade, No More Boomerang by Codger Announced, Night by Ell Wishes and Took The Children Away by Archly Roach, the Irrevocable change gives Individuals a choice, It Is up to this Individual on what they make of it whether it maybe a beneficial or detrimental impact whilst keeping in mind the alterations that this choice will inflict on their view of others and their world.These texts will further enhance the understanding of choice and how it has the pow er to formulate the type of future that awaits. The poem ‘No More Boomerang' by Codger Announced, depicts the type of life the Aboriginal people had and although the circumstances that they were placed into ere not Just or fair, they were also inescapable. However, with this being said, the Aboriginal people did have a distinct choice, they had a choice on what they made of themselves in the future and how they could endeavor to learn from these mistakes and grow as people.Much like ‘Night', ‘No More Boomerang' also reiterates a negative vibe and lifestyle within both the protagonist's lives, ‘Now all excelled- Color bar and beer' this quote from the poem clearly indicates the struggle that the Aboriginal people had during this time. The specification of color bar' shows that they were aggregated from the rest of the community because they were not good enough to be around the White people', a clear sign of dehumidification.With now being exposed to a more â €˜civilized' type of living, the Aboriginal people resorted to the foreign comfort of alcohol (been which resulted In the increase of Aboriginal alcoholism. Even though the Aboriginal people had a very slim chance of having a choice as to what happened to them during this devastating time, they still had a choice as to what happened to them afterwards. The protagonist could've made the choice to stop informing to the White Australians way of living and to go back to the type of living that he was accustomed to. Lay down the whomever, Lay down the waded. Now we got atom-bomb, End everybody, this quote clearly expresses the change that the Aboriginal people were heavily exposed to, from using their weapons for hunting and survival to having the power to destroy and corrupt within the palm of their hands. This further clarifies the fact that after being familiarized with the feeling of hatred and pain, the protagonist still clearly holds that bitter emotion towards the White Austral ians in his heart even though it was so long ago.This correlates with the protagonist of Night' who also still experiences the same feeling, only in different context. It represents the fact that they're still trying to heal from the pain and the sudden changes of their lives, It's something that they are unable to forget and of people and the world in a negative way. In comparison to ‘Night', although Lie had very conflicting views on life in general and how he saw people through out the book, as a result of his trauma, he has enabled himself to embrace the change.He, of course as stated previously, still feels bitter towards his past and the Germans, however he still believes that there is room for peace and that the world has the potential to ‘change' and be more aware of the severe situations that are happening within it's surroundings. This is explanatory in the quote, ‘l could not believe that human beings were being burned in our times; the world would never tolerate such crimes†¦ , it exhibits the fact that Lie was shocked that no one had come to help them during this devastating time, he presumed that everybody around the world would be aware of such atrocities cause these evil acts would have never been acceptable within that particular century. This quote was when the audience began to realize the sudden changes in the way Lie viewed the world at such a young age while experiencing these hardships. Despite this fact, Lie made the choice to think in this sort of way, regardless if it was portrayed negatively.His faith in the world and even God saving him and his people vanished, his ‘soul had been invaded- and devoured- by a black flame' which consequently lead to a resentment towards the said hopelessness of God and to the world, who saw but didn't act. Lie chose to allow this resentment to sake control of himself and his actions that eventually shaped the type of pessimistic and self-absorbed person he came to be. The p oem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking' by Bruce Dade examines the consequences of living such a negative life which is proved in the quote, ‘†¦Pretty soon he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back- stabbing miserable so-and-so†¦ ‘. This quote implies the negative impacts of living in a materialistic world, the protagonist complains a lot about this through out the poem but doesn't do anything particularly significant to change the issue. He puts a lot of emphasis on how this world is cruel and greedy and how people are ‘money-hungry and ‘miserable' but what is noted through out the poem is that he is part of that group of people that he despises.This states that he becomes too busy stating his cynical views on others and the world that he doesn't begin to realize that he is turning into one of those people and is continuously minimizing the happiness in his life. A ‘healthy tan he never had' furthermor e implies that he never went out and that he stays cooped up within the confines of his home or workplace instead of experiencing the freedom that is easily portrayed as something that he desperately wants.The ‘automatic smile with nothing behind it' represents that he only put up a smile for show and that he never really meant it and never really made the effort to either, which interrelates with him having made the choice to be this way. ‘Six feet down nobody interested', it is clear that the protagonist had the opportunity and choice to do something great with his life and not look at it in such a pessimistic way but instead he let himself waste away within a ‘money-hungry world created by back-stabbing, ‘miserable' people. S ‘Enter Without So Much as Knocking, ‘Night' and ‘No More Boomerang. In contrast to ‘No More Boomerang, it has been established that Aboriginal children were taken away from their homes and identified as the Sto len generation which is what ‘Took The Children Away is solely about. The similar aspects of these poems is that they didn't have a choice in the matter but they had the choice to establish a better living for themselves. The biggest obstacle that they faced was that they were confused about who they really were, 'cause we were acting white yet feeling back.Even though they were vulnerable to the destruction of their homes and way of living due to their young ages and thoroughly challenged the way they saw the world, they had to embrace this ‘change' and life experience. They shouldn't have let their purity be tainted and not have given this change the power to alter their view of others and their world in such a, once again, negative way. ‘AWESOME' also explores the same aspects of negativity through a similar modernism environment. Both protagonists didn't approve of the modernism, money-functioning world however both parties did conform to it.The Aboriginal chil dren were forced into it but still had the choice of what to make of it and the protagonist of ‘AWESOME' had the choice of making a difference but chose to continue on with his critical behavior. The quote, ‘Came and didn't give a damn' indicates the carelessness of the White Australians and how they treated the children as animals rather than humans, this shaped the children's perspectives of people in general and the beginning of a globalizes world around them.In correlation with ‘Night' and ‘Took the children away there are a few similarities and differences between the two texts. In ‘Night', Lie Weasel's view on the world and it's people changed a lot. He constantly held bitterness in his heart and his religious views and beliefs that were once, the fundamental reason for his being, were challenged as he continued to survive his dangerous life, this is evident in the quote, ‘It's over. God is no longer with us'.In his quest for survival, Lie l ost a part of himself, his views on people ad the world was detrimental due to the drastic change that he encountered through out his childhood. A distinct similarity between these two texts is that both the Aboriginal people and the Jews were dehumidified, in Night', ‘Faster you filthy dogs! ‘ and in ‘Took the children away, the simile, ‘†¦ Fenced us in like sheep'. They were both taken away from the familiarity of their beliefs and customs and thrown into something that they never expected which as a result of this, lost an important part of themselves.However, despite this fact, we are only exposed to Else's negativity through the confines of his book, but really as he grew older he began to realize that he had a choice in how he viewed people and the world. Having a grudge on something that he couldn't have prevented would have just been a waste of time and he wouldn't have time to enjoy the brighter things in life. Regardless of the rocky start to h is teenage years, he has grown up to understand that he needed to turn his life around and make it into something worth living.He didn't resort to alcohol, drugs or violence but to a more peaceful type of living. He sees a brighter future for our world, one that had the potential to really help others in need and to imitate the love that God provides us, towards each other. Say that change does involve a choice to alter one's view others and their world. However, it is up to the individual on what they make of it and how much power they give it to control the person they're meant to be in the future.Negative changes can constitute to negative views but it can also constitute to positive ones and even if these changes are inevitable what isn't, is how you learn from them and gain knowledge to apply to everyday circumstances. As individuals we all have a choice to make whether beneficial or detrimental but we must understand that regardless of this the change will, without a doubt, al ter one's view of others and their world. Change â€Å"Change involves a choice to alter one's view of others and their world† Change Is Inevitable, It can not Just simply be ceased however as Individuals, we are given the choice on what we make of it and how we allow it to alter our view of others and the world around us. The choice made on how the world is seen and how its occupants are as well can have a significant impact on someone's life and shape the type of person that this individual becomes.As evident in the following texts, Enter Without So Much As Knocking by Bruce Dade, No More Boomerang by Codger Announced, Night by Ell Wishes and Took The Children Away by Archly Roach, the Irrevocable change gives Individuals a choice, It Is up to this Individual on what they make of it whether it maybe a beneficial or detrimental impact whilst keeping in mind the alterations that this choice will inflict on their view of others and their world.These texts will further enhance the understanding of choice and how it has the pow er to formulate the type of future that awaits. The poem ‘No More Boomerang' by Codger Announced, depicts the type of life the Aboriginal people had and although the circumstances that they were placed into ere not Just or fair, they were also inescapable. However, with this being said, the Aboriginal people did have a distinct choice, they had a choice on what they made of themselves in the future and how they could endeavor to learn from these mistakes and grow as people.Much like ‘Night', ‘No More Boomerang' also reiterates a negative vibe and lifestyle within both the protagonist's lives, ‘Now all excelled- Color bar and beer' this quote from the poem clearly indicates the struggle that the Aboriginal people had during this time. The specification of color bar' shows that they were aggregated from the rest of the community because they were not good enough to be around the White people', a clear sign of dehumidification.With now being exposed to a more â €˜civilized' type of living, the Aboriginal people resorted to the foreign comfort of alcohol (been which resulted In the increase of Aboriginal alcoholism. Even though the Aboriginal people had a very slim chance of having a choice as to what happened to them during this devastating time, they still had a choice as to what happened to them afterwards. The protagonist could've made the choice to stop informing to the White Australians way of living and to go back to the type of living that he was accustomed to. Lay down the whomever, Lay down the waded. Now we got atom-bomb, End everybody, this quote clearly expresses the change that the Aboriginal people were heavily exposed to, from using their weapons for hunting and survival to having the power to destroy and corrupt within the palm of their hands. This further clarifies the fact that after being familiarized with the feeling of hatred and pain, the protagonist still clearly holds that bitter emotion towards the White Austral ians in his heart even though it was so long ago.This correlates with the protagonist of Night' who also still experiences the same feeling, only in different context. It represents the fact that they're still trying to heal from the pain and the sudden changes of their lives, It's something that they are unable to forget and of people and the world in a negative way. In comparison to ‘Night', although Lie had very conflicting views on life in general and how he saw people through out the book, as a result of his trauma, he has enabled himself to embrace the change.He, of course as stated previously, still feels bitter towards his past and the Germans, however he still believes that there is room for peace and that the world has the potential to ‘change' and be more aware of the severe situations that are happening within it's surroundings. This is explanatory in the quote, ‘l could not believe that human beings were being burned in our times; the world would never tolerate such crimes†¦ , it exhibits the fact that Lie was shocked that no one had come to help them during this devastating time, he presumed that everybody around the world would be aware of such atrocities cause these evil acts would have never been acceptable within that particular century. This quote was when the audience began to realize the sudden changes in the way Lie viewed the world at such a young age while experiencing these hardships. Despite this fact, Lie made the choice to think in this sort of way, regardless if it was portrayed negatively.His faith in the world and even God saving him and his people vanished, his ‘soul had been invaded- and devoured- by a black flame' which consequently lead to a resentment towards the said hopelessness of God and to the world, who saw but didn't act. Lie chose to allow this resentment to sake control of himself and his actions that eventually shaped the type of pessimistic and self-absorbed person he came to be. The p oem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking' by Bruce Dade examines the consequences of living such a negative life which is proved in the quote, ‘†¦Pretty soon he was old enough to be realistic like every other godless money-hungry back- stabbing miserable so-and-so†¦ ‘. This quote implies the negative impacts of living in a materialistic world, the protagonist complains a lot about this through out the poem but doesn't do anything particularly significant to change the issue. He puts a lot of emphasis on how this world is cruel and greedy and how people are ‘money-hungry and ‘miserable' but what is noted through out the poem is that he is part of that group of people that he despises.This states that he becomes too busy stating his cynical views on others and the world that he doesn't begin to realize that he is turning into one of those people and is continuously minimizing the happiness in his life. A ‘healthy tan he never had' furthermor e implies that he never went out and that he stays cooped up within the confines of his home or workplace instead of experiencing the freedom that is easily portrayed as something that he desperately wants.The ‘automatic smile with nothing behind it' represents that he only put up a smile for show and that he never really meant it and never really made the effort to either, which interrelates with him having made the choice to be this way. ‘Six feet down nobody interested', it is clear that the protagonist had the opportunity and choice to do something great with his life and not look at it in such a pessimistic way but instead he let himself waste away within a ‘money-hungry world created by back-stabbing, ‘miserable' people. S ‘Enter Without So Much as Knocking, ‘Night' and ‘No More Boomerang. In contrast to ‘No More Boomerang, it has been established that Aboriginal children were taken away from their homes and identified as the Sto len generation which is what ‘Took The Children Away is solely about. The similar aspects of these poems is that they didn't have a choice in the matter but they had the choice to establish a better living for themselves. The biggest obstacle that they faced was that they were confused about who they really were, 'cause we were acting white yet feeling back.Even though they were vulnerable to the destruction of their homes and way of living due to their young ages and thoroughly challenged the way they saw the world, they had to embrace this ‘change' and life experience. They shouldn't have let their purity be tainted and not have given this change the power to alter their view of others and their world in such a, once again, negative way. ‘AWESOME' also explores the same aspects of negativity through a similar modernism environment. Both protagonists didn't approve of the modernism, money-functioning world however both parties did conform to it.The Aboriginal chil dren were forced into it but still had the choice of what to make of it and the protagonist of ‘AWESOME' had the choice of making a difference but chose to continue on with his critical behavior. The quote, ‘Came and didn't give a damn' indicates the carelessness of the White Australians and how they treated the children as animals rather than humans, this shaped the children's perspectives of people in general and the beginning of a globalizes world around them.In correlation with ‘Night' and ‘Took the children away there are a few similarities and differences between the two texts. In ‘Night', Lie Weasel's view on the world and it's people changed a lot. He constantly held bitterness in his heart and his religious views and beliefs that were once, the fundamental reason for his being, were challenged as he continued to survive his dangerous life, this is evident in the quote, ‘It's over. God is no longer with us'.In his quest for survival, Lie l ost a part of himself, his views on people ad the world was detrimental due to the drastic change that he encountered through out his childhood. A distinct similarity between these two texts is that both the Aboriginal people and the Jews were dehumidified, in Night', ‘Faster you filthy dogs! ‘ and in ‘Took the children away, the simile, ‘†¦ Fenced us in like sheep'. They were both taken away from the familiarity of their beliefs and customs and thrown into something that they never expected which as a result of this, lost an important part of themselves.However, despite this fact, we are only exposed to Else's negativity through the confines of his book, but really as he grew older he began to realize that he had a choice in how he viewed people and the world. Having a grudge on something that he couldn't have prevented would have just been a waste of time and he wouldn't have time to enjoy the brighter things in life. Regardless of the rocky start to h is teenage years, he has grown up to understand that he needed to turn his life around and make it into something worth living.He didn't resort to alcohol, drugs or violence but to a more peaceful type of living. He sees a brighter future for our world, one that had the potential to really help others in need and to imitate the love that God provides us, towards each other. Say that change does involve a choice to alter one's view others and their world. However, it is up to the individual on what they make of it and how much power they give it to control the person they're meant to be in the future.Negative changes can constitute to negative views but it can also constitute to positive ones and even if these changes are inevitable what isn't, is how you learn from them and gain knowledge to apply to everyday circumstances. As individuals we all have a choice to make whether beneficial or detrimental but we must understand that regardless of this the change will, without a doubt, al ter one's view of others and their world.

Romantic Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Romantic Age - Essay Example In order to experience this aesthetic sense, the Romanticists shed new lights on myriad emotions such as horror, trepidation and awe. Sublimity of the untamed nature was included as a new aesthetic category while the Romanticists tried to express their revolutionary feelings in terms of depicting the picturesque beauty of nature. Their main argument was against the notions of the newly established industrialism and empiricism. The embrace of nature was thus an appreciative way of escape from the confinements of scientific rationalism. The congestion of the industrial revolution made the Romanticists take shelter in the embrace of romanticism which was considered as a convenient escape from modern realities. In other words, the Industrial revolution contributed largely to label Realism as the polarized opposite to Romanticism. While the acceptance of romanticism was considered as an escape from realism, the Romanticists took pride in emphasizing the various connotations of freedom, in terms of intuition, imagination and feeling. This is both an escape from modern realities as well as an acceptance of emotions and feelings beyond any rational reasoning. Thus, the Romantic Era included both themes of conflict and deliverance by emphasizing the nature and myriad emotions, which demonstrate both rational as well as aesthetic

Christology and Ecclesiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christology and Ecclesiology - Essay Example They set forth two reasons for the divinity of Christ, the first one being "dynamic monarchianism" which explains the divinity of Jesus resulting from him being the carrier of a divine power, which "descended upon the man Jesus."(Grenz pg 57) The complete divinity of Christ thought was established at the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea1 in 325, based on Arius' view that Jesus was "begotten of the Father, of the substance of the Father, begotten not made, of one substance with the Father." (Grenz pg 59) Christology is the reaffirmation of our belief and confession in the godliness of Jesus, who is the road to our salvation. The authors of the new Testament strongly believed that Jesus combines in his person the role of God and Savior (2 Pet.1:1, pg 246) Jesus' divinity is attributed to his perfect life or what may be called his "sinlessness" (pg. 252) which was only possible because in Jesus could be seen "a veritable existence of God" (pg. 252) the resurrection of Jesus Christ, which is at the heart of Christian faith, points to the divinity of Jesus. (pg. 259) the historical life of Jesus reveals his humanity, and he becomes not just an "embodiment of God," but of his willingness to be a part of the 'life in community" which he participated in his life on Earth. (pg. 272) According to Stanley Grenz (1994) "The idea of covenant... Baptists, the covenant that joins believers together in the church of Jesus Christ is sealed in believer's baptism." However, during the period of the 1100s and 1200s, theology took on different perspectives. For example, theology did not just mean a discourse related to God, "it now became the rational explication of divine revelation."3 (Yves M.J. Conjar, 1968) The salient points highlighted in Stanley Grenz' book titled "Theology for the Community of God" are traditional themes incorporated in the Christian doctrine related to God, humankind, Christ, Church and the Holy Spirit. Grenz' work is a masterful blend of the traditional, contemporary and the historical to provide us with a coherent outlook involving our Christian faith through the establishment of community with God as its Father. In referring to God as the High Priest of the Church and all of us are his children, he describes a women's place within the community; Grenz expresses his views stating "that women ought to be full participants with men in all dimensions of church life and ministry" (Grenz, 1995, p. 143). Conclusion Grenz' views on Christ as the High Priest of the Church and the faith of the Christian community as a whole in relation to it, has come in for a lot of criticisms from other theologians, especially his notion that women too can be equal participants in both church life as well as ministry. Many theologians criticized him on these grounds and never accepted his views on this. Grenz' view of God's image in relation to God and man is taken to be a serious misrepresentation and is said to be misleading. Grenz is supposed to have charged 'complimentarians with the violation of 'ecclesiological principle of the priesthood of all believers.'4 (J. Grenz with Denise Muir Kjesbo, 1995)

Individualized Education Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Individualized Education Program - Essay Example The law requires that if any member of the ARD does not attend a meeting he must put it into writing. There must be an agreement between the parent and the school agreeing that that member should not attend the meeting. These may be done if the expertise of that member is not needed (Bateman, Barbara D, and Mary A. Linden 1998). Another requirement is when a member of the ARD committee does not attend the meeting and his expertise is needed in the meeting he must write a letter to the school and the parent in order for them to review it before the meeting day. The school and the parents are also required to write a letter indicating the same. The contract should be renewed with conditions because it will enable the dormant member to improve on high work and also to ensure that we don’t lose a member because we had little faith for them and yet if given another opportunity they would have done better.

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Industrialization - Essay Example This paper seeks to highlight industrialization in its entirety paying a closer look at the early and late industrialization. Further, the paper tries to compare the level of industrialization of countries such as the US, Germany, China, Japan, Soviet Union and the UK with special emphasis on the factors that could have brought these countries that far. The present industrial status is also looked at in terms of commerce, education and the general social welfare in these countries. Industrialization may be construed to refer to the process of both social and economic change that sees a society move from a pre-industrial to a fully industrial society. Actually, sometimes modernization is considered as a result of industrialization except that apart from industrialization modernization may be as a result of a synergy between economic development and social change. When these two, economic development and social change, are closely related to innovation, then the result is great modernization often identifiable through industrialization. ... This modernization was represented by not only by high levels of economic authority but also by factors such as functional specialization and general structural differentiation. These factors, especially the autonomy of the economic system from the government contributed greatly to this high level of modernization or industrialization for that matter. Besides the factors highlighted above, there also others that equally led to the prosperity realizes in most countries in the above named region. These factors include: An open trading system enjoying minimal or no import duty greatly stimulated industrialization because of the emerging cost efficiency. Presence of free and flexible labour helped enhance industrialization. It is common knowledge that industrialization, besides energy and raw materials, depend entirely on not only cheap but also skilled and flexible labour. Presence of alternative markets enhanced the general economic performance as a result of highly enabled business opportunities presented by these markets Quick conventional learning capabilities and the affirmative work ethics in the populations equally played a role in encouraging and enhancing industrialization Skills in fast exploitation of the new technologies and scientific findings catapulted industrialization to further and higher grounds Why Industrialization Occurred As mentioned earlier, industrialization is the result of social change and economical development lying proximally to innovations and emerging technologies. Autonomy of social and economic systems from the governments undoubtedly led to industrialization. The process of industrialization occurred almost in every part of the world for particular reasons. For instance, the

Challenges in College Recruiting Research Proposal

Challenges in College Recruiting - Research Proposal Example This section will explain the issue under examination and its significance. In this case, the challenges facing recruitment in colleges will be examined with the aim of finding recommendations on how to handle the challenges in the future. The research will be conducted on the existing information on the issue. Academic sources such as Google books and scholarly articles will be used. The results obtained will be summarized, and the critical studies discussed. The citation will be done in APA, as required. The data will also be analyzed to determine its relevance to the solution of the issue. The primary reason for analyzing the available background information is to identify the areas of the problem that it fails to address. The resulting questions that are not dealt with by the existing information will be posted as proof of the insufficiency of the literature review. Finally, the question (s) to be pursued for the research will be chosen from the ones developed from the information. The questions been examined will be described, citing reasons as to why the research is viable. The specific issues under study will be listed, and introducing the interrelationship between the question and the question stated in the introduction. The particular claim, in this case, is that there are various challenges that affect the process of recruitment in colleges and other institutions of learning. Some of the problems include ideological differences and corruption. The elimination of these social evils would lead to a better process of recruiting and enrolling students in a college. The topic was chosen because these challenges are ignored yet there are possible ways of eliminating them. The aim of the research is thus to identify the challenges and recommend possible means of dealing with them. That involves a description of the methods of data collection and analysis to be used to complete the research. In this case, data collection will be done through the use of

Aviation Security and al Qaeda in Yemen Case Study

Aviation Security and al Qaeda in Yemen - Case Study Example This pragmatic and preventive practice had been discontinued. An illustration of this change was the failure to interrogate the Christmas Day bomber. This individual had been provided with a lawyer and informed that he was entitled to remain silent (Thiessen, 2011, p. 133). Aggressive interrogation of terrorists is essential for obtaining information about future terrorist attacks. Consequently, the Obama Administration’s reluctance to engage in such interrogation has rendered the nation vulnerable to terrorist attacks. There is a major lacuna in the strategy of the US. It relies upon Yemen to assist it in identifying and neutralizing al Qaeda terrorists. However, the Yemeni government employs, harbors and relies upon these terrorists for political support and perhaps even its very existence. There is a marked reluctance among the Yemeni authorities to wage a serious war against the al Qaeda terrorists, who reside in their country (Rollins, 2010, p. 12). It was discovered by the National Commission on Terrorists Attacks Upon the United States that the weaknesses inherent in the aviation security system had been used by the al Qaeda terrorists to conduct the September 11 attacks. Some of the weaknesses identified by this commission were first, a preliminary screening process that concentrated upon identifying likely aircraft bombers (Elias, 2004). However, this process had ignored potential hijackers. Second, slipshod screening at checkpoints and the prevalence of permissive rules with regard to small knives. Third, the absence of in-flight security measures, such as the presence of air marshals and reinforced cockpit doors. Fourth, the adoption of a non – confrontational strategy, across the industry, while addressing hijackers. Fifth, the absence of capabilities and protocols for executing a synchronized Federal Aviation Administration and military response to suicidal hijackers and multiple hijackings (Elias, 2004).  

In the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

In the instruction - Essay Example The cartoon is specifically designed to portray the reasons that made Omar J. Gonzalez illegally enter into statehouse. In the cartoon, the fence jumper is certain that his access to higher utility is blocked by the fence. People on the other side are better off but slightly neglect the rest; he says â€Å"I bet they have Great candy there.† Phil leaves it to the reader to make a conclusion whether the man had been humiliated or not, given that his luggage is labeled ‘trick or treat.’ As matter of fact, since the war against Iraq started, many veterans came home wounded while some had severe mental incapacities despite the president making great promises to curb their mistreatment. In this cartoon, Phil targets the public, who are criticizing the man’s effort to seek some recognition. His friend represents the general public who can’t see the nice buildings on the other end and thus demotivates the fence jumper from accomplishing his mission. Handy, Phil. "Fence jumper." Wisconsin state journal 25  Oct.  2014: n. pag. Web.

Assessment Criteria Essay Example for Free

Assessment Criteria Essay Tesco has given its incoming new chief executive a ‘blank sheet of paper’ to determine the company’s future. The shareholders are demanding radical change at Britain’s biggest grocer. Dave Lewis who was head of unilever’s personal care business started his new role as Chief executive with Tesco in September 2014 at a time when sales fell 4% in the three months to mid-August (Kantar World 2014). Mr Lewis has already been given the title ‘desperate Dave’ and Shore Capital (2014) believes around 5000 head office jobs could be lost. (Based on article in the Sunday Times 31. 8. 14) Requirement This assessment contains one task with two components, both of which must be completed. Your team represents a group of marketing consultants with experience of driving innovation in large organisations. You have been asked to meet Mr Lewis and senior colleagues at Head Office and suggest ways in which Tesco can respond to the disruptive innovation strategies being used by other organisations with the market. Your specific task is to;  ?Identify and evaluate the disruptive strategic innovations developed by the key competitors to Tesco, such as Aldi ( but not exclusively) ?Recommend and justify a suitable response by Tesco which can be agreed by the board Time Available You have 15 minutes to make your presentation and afterwards there will be a short period following the presentation to take questions from the board. ? Your presentation and supporting documents will be assessed according to the criteria below. For your work to be assessed you must;?have mailed one copy of your presentation to ray. [emailprotected] ac. uk, or E. [emailprotected] ac. uk by 10. 00am on the morning of the presentation together with your Contribution Log and the signed confirmation of the mark allocation. ? COMPLETE ONE ELECTRONIC COPY OF THE ASSESSMENT FORM TO ACCOMPANY THE PRESENTATION BRING ALONG TWO COPIES OF THE PRESENTATION WHICH MUST BE PRINTED O? WITH FOUR SLIDES TO A PAGE AND BE ACCOMPANIED BY THE STUDENT DECLARATION FORM. Asda has introduced same-day delivery at 250 of its click-and-collect points after a trial on the London Underground. The service is available for customers who order products online before 1pm. Of the 250 collection points, 120 are ‘drive through’ units at which shoppers can receive goods directly in their cars. Asda has 300 click and collect points in total. Delivering Customer Value: Presentation Cover Sheet Module Title: Delivering Customer Value MC6050 Module Code: Year: 2014/15 Group Name: Name of Case Study Tesco- Submission Format Op? ons: Please ? ck one box and sign below. Peer assessment requires documentary evidence Equal Shares Peer Assessment No Agreement Family Name Initials ID number Signature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. MC 6050 Academic Year 2014-2015 GROUP REPORT: Assessment Criteria/ Feedback Student Names: Student ID: Tutor: Ray Donnelly Due Date: Assessment Criteria Weigh? n g Mark Comments The concept of disrupve innovaon is understood  and clearly explained within the presentaon. 35. The presentaon iden(ed and explained the disrupve innovaons developed/being developed by the key competors. 30 Ability to link innovaon with other related concepts 10 Evidence of relevant theorecal concepts being used to support and jusfy the recommendaons. 10 Quality and ming of presentaon/ supporng materials. Ability to handle quesons. 10 Clear evidence of team work 5 Overall Comments Agreed Mark: Refer: Please note your mark remains provisional until the moderation process has been completed.

Organization of the study Essay Example for Free

Organization of the study Essay The study will be organized into four chapters in accordance with the Action Research, as table 1 displays. TABLE 1 Organization of the study based on action research Action Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/Conceptualization X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and purpose, explained the importance of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the characteristics of the church leaders, church members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church. Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. A review of literature available regarding the Black church and the involvement of the church in the community reveals a pattern of strong involvement of the church in the community. African presence in the Bible shows a clear participation in the early Church as well as a respect for African involvement. The early history of the church, as well as its mid-20th century involvement in the civil rights movement, sets a precedent for community involvement in secular matters for the church of today. Modern involvement of the Black church in secular life and the wider community touches all aspects of secular life, including physical and mental health of its parishioners, youth advocacy and youth programs, economic development, community volunteering, and literacy. Additionally, more traditional areas of pastoral involvement, such as bereavement counseling, may have some overlap with secular counseling due to increasing involvement in secular mental health providers in life events previously handled in a primarily pastoral manner. BIBLICAL CONTEXT Blacks have a strong presence in the Bible, and there is no evidence of the modern idea of racial inferiority to other peoples in the writings. Both Old Testament and New Testament writings refer to Africans who were highly placed, and do not show any evidence of the discrimination or enslavement African Americans have faced. â€Å"When Israel was a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt† (Hosea 11:1) The Queen of Sheba was a notable Biblical African; she was treated as an equal and given full honors as a head of state. â€Å"And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him all that was in her heart† (1 Kings 10:2) The genealogy of Jesus Christ in Matthew lists several African women – â€Å"And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;† (Matthew 1:5) Rachab and Ruth were African women, as was Thamar. The gathering of Jews at Pentacost related in Acts included those of African origin. â€Å"Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judaea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Pamphylia, in Egypt, and in the parts of ibya about Cyrene, and strangers of Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretes and Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God. † (Acts 2:9-2:11). Two of the teachers at Antioch were also African – â€Å"Now there were in the church that was at Antioch certain prophets and teachers; as Barnabas, and Simeon that was called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manaen, which had been brough up with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul† (Acts 13:1). Of these teachers, Simeon (called Niger, Latin for â€Å"the black†) and Lucius of Cyrene were African. The wealth of African presence and importance in the Bible makes it clear that the African American church has a strong Biblical precedent. HISTORICAL CONTEXT The African church was active and important in the history of the early church. The Synod of Hippo, held in 393 in Hippo Regius (corresponding to northern Algeria) was instrumental in forming Christianity as we know it today; that is where the first canon of the New Testament was approved. Several other synods were also held in Hippo Regius, as well as councils in Carthage and Alexandria (Hendrickson, 2002, 320). Egypt and Algeria were centers of Christian worship. Major historical events in Christianity, including the Reformation, spread Christianity further into Africa. When Africans were captured and sent to the New World as slaves, they brought with them a melange of religious practice, including Christianity, native religions and others. The black church in America was established during the 1700s, during which time many African Americans were still suffering under the yoke of slavery. The first uniquely black church, the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, was established by Richard Allen in 1816; membership in the new denomination exploded, reaching almost 6,000 members by 1820 and spreading to the south and west quickly (Simms, 2000, 101). The Black Methodist church immediately took on the characteristic role of the black church, fighting oppression and slavery, providing loans and business advice and other social services to their worshippers (Simms, 2000, 101). The church was instrumental in abolishing slavery; David Walker’s work â€Å"Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World†, published in 1829, which castigated the institution of slavery and used Scriptural quotation and traditional Christian morals to prove the immorality of slavery and the moral bankruptcy of the slave owners, provided a galvanizing force to the Abolitionist movement as well as encouragement to those still enslaved (Simms, 2000, 102). Simms relates the spread of the Black church throughout America to the exodus of Southern blacks at the start of World War I; given a sudden chance at employment and expansion, Southern blacks moved north into the industrial heartlands of Michigan, Illinois and Indiana as well as into the Northeast, and they brought their religion along with them. One notable congregation was the Abyssinian Baptist Church of Harlem, which provided political, social and economic support to its 14,000 members (2003, 102). Blum remarks on the position of the church in the Black community, â€Å"the Black church has been the enduring center and focal point of Black communities and the refuge from racism and poverty†¦ the church provided Blacks with a shelter, and indeed, was the most significant of all Black institutions (1993, 609)†. At the time the Black church differentiated from white denominations, slavery and oppression against Blacks was rife. The church’s establishment was a form of protest against the ruling white majority and a spiritual refuge from the larger world. Because the congregants of the Black church have never had the luxury of a coherent, secular social support structure, the church has taken on the role of social caregiver as well as spiritual caregiver. According to Gadzekpo (2001, 609), the church had from its inception a distinct, African-American culture, and was not an attempt to mimic the white church as is often assumed. â€Å"The major aspect of Black Christian belief was freedom†¦ for the African in America as a slave, it meant release from bondage; after emancipation, it meant education, employment and freedom of movement for the â€Å"Negro†, and for the past forty years it has meant social, political and economic justice for the African-American (2001, 609). † According to Gadzekpo, a call to God’s service was seen as a call to freedom; it is a basic tenet of the Black Christian church that God wants Black Christians to be free because they, too, are made in his own image. The involvement of the Black church in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was notable, not only because church leaders precipitated a major change in the secular culture, but because it set a pattern of involvement of the church in secular matters, including political, social and health. Leonard Gadzekpo discusses the involvement of the Black church in the civil rights movement. He states: One may present the Black church as an institution that gives some direction to the aforementioned aspects of African-American life and influences them, particularly in American society at large. The core values of Black culture – such as freedom, justice, equality, an African heritage and racial parity in all aspects of human life – were inherent in the Christian ethos that gave birth to and nurtured the civil rights movement. (2001, 609). With the founding doctrine of the Black church being religious, political and physical freedom, the involvement of the church in the civil rights movement was inevitable. Likewise, involvement of the church in the political and social problems that African-Americans face today is inevitable. As Gadzekpo notes, †¦ the Black church, therefore, has reached the point in the last decade of the twentieth century in which searing demands are being made for a return to the tradition of self-help and agitation†¦ the development of new and creative approaches has become commonplace in the face of internal pressures involving changes within African-American society, external pressures involving prevalent and persistent racism, and the hostile environment in which the church exists. (2001, 610) The history and current position of the church within the Black community clearly indicate that there is a need for involvement of the church in secular matters as well as spiritual, and that the church, by providing this involvement, would be continuing the tradition of service which the church was founded in. However, as Simms notes, the church struggles with the bifurcation of the black community. More affluent blacks who have managed to escape the traditional economic and social confines of the African American experience have not remained within the church to continue to support its mission. The modern black church is a divided entity, rather than a united whole, which weakens its efforts and causes difficulty in determining its path (Simms, 2000, 105).

Sources Of Finance For A Public Limited Company Finance Essay

Sources Of Finance For A Public Limited Company Finance Essay Finance is the basic ingredient of a business. Insufficiency or absence of cash can pose a threat for a business. Without cash a business is unable to survive. Various sources of finance help to fulfill the needs of wages, advertising, expansion, payment of interests etc (Pride et.al, 2009). Different sources of finance are used depending upon their maturity period. Each source has its advantages and disadvantages. Sources of finance The sources of finance are broad classified into the following: Long term Finance Medium term finance Short term finance Long Term Sources of Finance Long term sources of finance are those methods that are adopted to provide finance for a long period of time. This period of time must be of one year and above. Long term sources are generally complex and are usually adopted to fund activities like going for acquisitions, product extensions, or buying up of new premises etc. Example of long term financing includes a 40 year mortgage or a 10 year treasury note. The sources of long term finance are: Debentures Debentures are the long term loans raised from public by a Public limited company. These debentures are usually ranged from 0.01$ to 100$ with varied interest rates. Debentures are floated with certain terms and conditions and are generally secured against the assets of a company (Chakraborty, 2004). Advantages of debentures Debentures are a well suited mode of long term financing as the interest payable on debentures is made before taxation. Another advantage of debenture is that they are payable even when the company does not produce profit. Issue cost of debenture is low as compared to that of preference capital and equity. Disadvantages of debentures As mentioned above, certain terms and conditions are set out for debentures. Failure to meet those conditions, like interest and principal repayment requirement, can result in not only financial and social humiliation but can also lead to bankruptcy. Debentures are influenced by the inflation rates. If, by chance the inflation rate significantly drops down, then the real cost of the debt will become higher than what was initially set (Chandra, 2008). Convertible debentures Convertible debentures offer the advantage of quick conversion of debt into equity. Convertible debentures are similar to the normal debentures in terms of interest rates specification and the principal payment, except that in convertible debentures the buyer has the option of converting them into companys issuing share at a pre decided ratio. Convertible debentures are used by the companies to attract investors. Like the Essar steel, India issued convertible debentures coupled with warranty and loyal coupons as well as optionally fully convertible debentures to attract investors (Nidheesh, 2009). Advantages of convertible debentures Convertible debentures are favorable for the issuing company as they offer low interest payments as compared to the traditional debt. For investors they offer a secure means of investment through participation in the stock options and guaranteed coupon payments. There will be no capital gains tax for the holders of convertible debenture. Disadvantages of convertible debentures In case of bankruptcy, the debenture holder has a low priority claim on the companys asset as compares to the straight debt holders. The Valuation techniques for convertible debentures are a bit tricky and may require additional scrutiny (Hanif, 2001) Common Stock Common stock is a long term security that is issued to the owners of the company. Advantages of common stock Common stock offer several advantages. Common stocks are liquid i.e. they can be easily and readily bought and sold. The risk associated with common stock is very less as it is only limited to the initial cash investment made. They are labeled to be high returners as compared to the other sources of investment. Disadvantages of common stock The owners of common stock are last to be paid in the business after payments to employees, suppliers, creditors etc. The stock prices are usually unstable, that is they rise and fall quickly. So the investors are required to be vigilant in this regard. Preference shares Preference shares refer to those shares that offer a fixed percentage of dividends that is paid in preference to the common shares to the stock holders. Advantages of preference shares There advantages are: In preference shares the company is not forced to pay the dividends in the period when the profits are poor. Preferred shareholders receive their payments first as compared to the common stock holders in event of bankruptcy. Disadvantages of preference shares They are riskier, as unlike other instruments, they are not secured against the assets of the company. The interest yield on preference stock is low as compared to the loan stock In case of non-payment the preferred stock holders, unlike debenture holders cannot call for a receiver for the claims (Carter et.al, 1997). Mortgage A mortgage is a long term source of finance that is given by the borrower to the lender in exchange for the security of the real estate property. One can choose between a fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage depending upon ones risk bearing capacity, financial health and other requirements. Advantages of mortgage The mortgage financing makes the borrowing flexible and affordable as it provides ownership of real estate along with the provision of financial aid. The interest rate on mortgage is tax free. The fixed schedule of mortgage payments allows you to plan up your cash flux and plan your needs and requirements accordingly. Disadvantages of mortgage The default risk is high in case of mortgage. The mortgage terms and conditions requires for collateral to be penned as security. The lender has a right to claim on the security in case of default payments. Finance Strategy: Finance simplified for you Government grants/loans Government grants are of great assistance to the entrepreneurs in terms of providing the financial hold up. Many of the government organizations are able enough to finance the young entrepreneurs to help them develop the right strategy for their business. The government organizations grant is not only limited to the strategic thinking phase, they also help the entrepreneurs in putting the plan to reality and also supporting the stat up costs (Gruber, 2009). Advantages of Government grants The government grants are easily and readily available for a business idea. Although a lengthy application process is involved, yet the process is much quicker than the other lenders. Like SBA (Small Business Association) approves a loan in 3-5 business days. The interest rate is lower for government grants especially in case of student loans. Disadvantages of Government grants The element of bureaucracy is usually involved to approach for the grants The government organization giving the money, try to exert influence on the business management. The grantee is subjected to tougher terms and conditions in order to be eligible fot the grant. Retained Profit Retained profit involves allocation of profit from an existing business to be reinvested in to the same business for the purpose of financing. This money can be used to buy new equipment, machinery, raw material and other such type of investments. Advantages of retained profit This type of self financing helps the company to withstand any contingency requirements and uncertainties or even a calamity. The cost of raising finance from outside source is saved through the retained profit move. There are no lengthy legal formalities involved in this type of financing. Disadvantages of retained profit Some companies falsely use the retained profit as a means of manipulating the value of shares and dividends. Improper use of retained profit in risky adventures may result in a loss.(Rajni and Hiro, 2008) Medium term sources of finance: Medium term financing or intermediate financing is done for a period intermediate between 1 to 10 years. Medium term financing is generally done for the purpose of maintenance or up gradation of the business like making improvements in the plant, buying up of raw material, assets and equipment. The sources of medium term finance are: Loans Loans are a means of providing long term financing for activities such as buying of fixed assets like plant and equipment, funding up of working capital and or covering losses. Advantages of loans Through loan, the financing is secured for the life of a loan. You can purchase a loan for almost everything now. Loan helps you to make things affordable. You can match the term of your loan to the life of an asset you want to purchase. For example you can take a loan of three years for a machine whose working life is three years. Disadvantages of loans If you miss a monthly payment, things might get difficult for you that may include penalties or even your property possession. It is a long term commitment. Some banks offer repayment facility but they charge extra fees for repayments. Venture Capital Trust Venture capital trust refers to those companies that are listed on the London stock exchange, and are in search of investors to raise an equity capital of about 10 to 30 million pounds. The VCT managers are given three years to invest cash, glitz and bonds into different companies. Advantages of venture capital trust VCTs are particularly famous for providing tax efficient investment. They provide tax free dividends Offer Tax free capital growth Disadvantages of venture capital trust The VCT investment mode has higher risk associations as compared to life insurance fund, collectives and other modes. The major risks are: The Unquoted companies (UK Smaller Companies) Liquidity issues (ability to sell shares) Market timing risk Leasing A lease in agreement of purpose signed for a specific time frame, conveying the use of a particular resource. Leasing is preferable when the cost of purchasing equipment is higher than the cost of leasing. The lessee gets the rights to use the equipment in exchange of rental payments to the lessor. For example in the golf industry, the golf operators make use of leased golf cars, leased golf aeration equipment, mowing machines etc. Advantages of leasing In lease financing the interest rate is fixed throughout the course of payment Leasing helps in the conservation of capital as it does not outline any requirements of deposition of cash at the beginning. Leasing a property is much simpler as compared to mortgage financing. (Schmidgall, 2004) Disadvantages of leasing In lease you have to bear the cost of equipment maintenance as specified, when you are not even the owner of the equipment. Lease payments are to be paid till the termination of the original term period. So even if a lessor is facing a downturn he is still supposed to make the payments that can be troublesome. Hire Purchase Nowadays, machines transport vehicle, equipment etc are bought through hire purchase. Possession of the good is transferred to the hirer but the ownership is only given after the last installment has been paid. Hirer can also choose to pay off all the installments in one go. Advantages of hire purchase The hirer is not bound in case of hire purchase. How can either wait for the full payment term or can go for the purchase by paying the amount at once. The cost of equipment under hire purchase is less as compared to leasing. They have little statutory control Disadvantages of hire purchase The cost of maintenance is to be burnt by the hirer thus reducing his profit margin. 20 to 25 percent advance payment has to be paid to the vendor at the time of hire purchase contract.( Maheshwari, 2003) Business Angels Business angels refer to those people that have a lot of money that they are looking to invest somewhere. They are one step ahead of friends, family founders etc. Venture Capitalists Business Angels Friends Founders and family High Risk Lower (But still somewhat high risk) (Source: Sources of funding for Australias Entrepreneurs by Howard Frederick, Siri Terjesen, pp.30) Advantages of business angels As compared to the financial institutions, raising funds through business angels is beneficial as it does not involve high fees. Business angels offer different investment criteria from other instruments, offer longer investment opportunities, convenient investment processes and lower targeted rate of returns. Disadvantages of business angels Business angels try to make there say in operations of the business, and can also affect the business expertise, their value and their contribution. There is a history of a small proportion of business angels turning out be devils, fulfilling their own motives rather than contributing into the good of the business Business angels, unlike the venture capitalist are less like to re investment in the same business (Frederick and Terjesen, 2007). Short term sources of finance: The money needs for less than a year are fulfilled through short term financing. They provide a cash influx or the fulfillment of short term inventory needs and repairs as well as short term investments. For example retailers like Wal-mart make use of short term financing to build up their inventories before peak selling periods. The sources of short term finance are: Bank Over drafts Bank overdrafts are a short term medium of financing that fulfills the contingency needs of the business especially for the adjustments in the fluctuations of cash flow and sudden demands. Advantages of bank overdrafts Over draft is a simple and supple means of financing The interest is chargeable on the everyday overdrawn amount. Disadvantages of bank overdraft The bank can call for repayment at any time. Cannot be borrowed for larger amounts The rate of interest for bank draft is higher than that for loans. Trade credit Trade credit is the easiest source of financing, where the suppliers of a business enable you to take up the material with the flexibility of making the payment later on. So whenever material equipments etc are taken without on-spot cash payment, trade crediting is involved. There are certain terms and conditions involved in trade crediting and depending on those terms the crediting can be costly. For example the terms involved in purchasing supplies from a supplier on trade credit is 3 percent cash discount within 12 days and a net date of 30 days. By this the supplier is lending you two percent discount on purchase price within those 12 days. However, by using the trade credit benefit you are conserving your money for 18 more days. If we calculate on an annual basis the 3 percent discount missed may cost you more. Advantages of trade credit Trade credit is readily and conveniently available, since the suppliers are up for a business easily If the company is facing any financial flops, Trade credit sourcing may be beneficial as the suppliers are lenient in giving finances. Usually no or minimal security or guarantees are required in case of trade credit Disadvantages of trade credit The giving up of the cash discount offered by the suppliers, in case of early payment, can be the biggest drawback for taking up trade credit, The firms credit rating may get affected through trade crediting (Shim and seigel, 2007) Factoring Factoring is a source of financing that is based upon the business outstanding invoices. It works in the way that the business sends a copy of the invoice received from the customer to the factor. The factor pays a set amount of the invoice value that usually makes 80 to 85 percent of the total amount to be paid. This payment is readily done usually within twenty four hours. However, a small number of invoices make the factoring uneconomical. Companies that have a turnover rate of 200,000 pounds and above can make use of the factoring. For example in India, several measures have been taken for factor development. Like the State bank of India formed SBI Factors and commercial services limited in various states of India to help the small scale businesses who were suffering the shortage of capital.(Page 81) Advantages of factoring Factoring helps in the improvement of the firms credit management Factoring enables a continuous inflow of funds Factoring can be of great benefit particularly in case of need. Disadvantages of factoring Among the different forms of short term financing, the cost of factoring is higher than others Factoring may damage the good will of the firm from clients point of view, as he may see it as a sign of financial weakness (Banjerjee, 2005) Invoice Discounting Invoice discounting is very similar to factoring except for a minor difference. In factoring the third party approaches the customer for the settlement of invoices and manages the other business details. But in invoice discounting the customers are totally unaware of your financing relationships. The company itself maintains responsibility for the ledgers and invoice processing. Advantages of invoice discounting As the customers are unaware, so the companys goodwill is not much affected As the cash is readily available it can be used for future investments and fund other orders The management no longer need to spend time on unpaid accounts and can utilize their time in planning elsewhere Disadvantages of invoice discounting Terminating the agreement can be difficult in case of invoice discounting Disputed invoices can sometimes pose a problem and should be carefully dealt with. Conclusion So whether you are thinking of setting up a new business or extending the existing one, money will always be the first and the foremost requirement. One should always properly assess the business resources for financing, as some sources may be suitable for business finance and other might not be. For example setting up a road side coffee stall requires different type of financing than setting up a garment industry business. But for many business the issue is not only to identify the right source of finance but also to find where to get the funds for setting up, expansion purpose and likewise. Therefore it is imperative to analyze the various source of financing available to a business and to assess thoroughly the appropriation of the resources in relation to the business. Investment readiness is always needed. A wealthy and beneficial financial package should, therefore, be selected as it is not only the question of money, but also the question of the whole of the life cycle of the business.